A to Z GIS | Explore this related guide, featuring updated terms and graphics and developed in coordination with Esri’s GIS Dictionary team.
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[coordinate systems]
In a vertical coordinate system, an indicator that z-values are either positive up or positive down. Heights or elevations are typically positive up, or against the force of gravity; depths are typically positive down, or with the force of gravity.
[measurement]
The difference between the reference line and the direction line given in angular units.