Häufig gestellte Frage (FAQ)
The following concepts are fundamental to understanding the use of map projections in ArcGIS. Please note though that the topic of projections is extremely broad, and this article can do no more than touch on a few important topics.
Newer spheroids are developed from satellite measurements and are more accurate than those developed by Clarke in 1866.
The terms 'geographic coordinate system' and 'datum' are used interchangeably, but as noted above, a GCS includes a datum, spheroid, units of measure and a prime meridian.
For example, the geographic coordinates below are for a single point located within the city of Bellingham, Washington, using 3 different datums:
DATUM X-Coordinate Y-Coordinate NAD_1927 -122.466903686523 48.7440490722656 NAD_1983 -122.46818353793 48.7438798543649 WGS_1984 -122.46818353793 48.7438798534299
Other parameters may be required, depending on the projection. For example, Albers and Lambert projections require the following parameters:
ArcInfo Coverage:
ArcInfo Workstation - All versions
Use the PROJECTDEFINE command to define the projection parameters for coverages, grids, and tins.
ArcGIS 9.x, 10.x - ArcInfo only
ArcToolBox > Coverage Tools > Data Management > Projections > Define Projection tool
Shapefile:
ArcGIS 8.x - ArcInfo, ArcEditor and ArcView
ArcToolBox > Data Management Tools > Projections > Define Projection Wizard (shapefiles, geodatabase)
ArcGIS 9.x, 10.x - ArcInfo, ArcEditor and ArcView
ArcToolBox > Data Management Tools > Projections and Transformations > Define Projection tool
Geodatabase Feature Dataset/Feature Class:
ArcGIS 8.x - ArcInfo, ArcEditor and ArcView
ArcToolBox > Data Management Tools > Projections > Define Projection Wizard (shapefiles, geodatabase)
ArcGIS 9.x, 10.x - ArcInfo, ArcEditor and ArcView
ArcToolBox > Data Management Tools > Projections and Transformations > Define Projection tool
ArcInfo Coverage:
ArcInfo Workstation - All versions
Use the PROJECT command to project coverages and grids to new coordinate systems.
ArcGIS 8.x - ArcInfo only
ArcToolBox > Data Management Tools > Projections > Projection Wizard (coverages, grids)
ArcGIS 9.x, 10.x - ArcInfo only
ArcToolBox > Coverage Tools > Data Management > Projections > Project tool.
Warning: Project must be followed by a build. This applies to both the workstation command, and the project tools in ArcToolbox.
Shapefile:
ArcGIS 8.x - ArcInfo, ArcEditor and ArcView
ArcToolBox > Data Management Tools > Projections > Project Wizard (shapefiles, geodatabase)
ArcGIS 9.x, 10.x - ArcInfo, ArcEditor and ArcView
ArcToolBox > Data Management Tools > Projections and Transformations > Feature > Project OR Batch Project
Geodatabase Feature Dataset/Feature Class:
ArcGIS 8.x - ArcInfo, ArcEditor and ArcView
ArcToolBox > Data Management Tools > Projections > Project Wizard (shapefiles, geodatabase)
ArcGIS 9.x, 10.x - ArcInfo, ArcEditor and ArcView
ArcToolBox > Data Management Tools > Projections and Transformations > Feature > Project OR Batch Project
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