This issue is confirmed by Intel to be a graphics driver bug, not a bug in ArcGIS Pro or the CefSharp browser component, and is addressed in their latest Graphics Driver release, 30.0.100.9667. As of today this is still in beta status, but this and all future versions is confirmed to fix the Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF) graphics crash:
The announcement: https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/support/articles/000058136/graphics/graphics-for-11th-generation-intel-processors.html.
To download: https://downloadcenter.intel.com/download/30522/Intel-Graphics-BETA-Windows-10-DCH-Drivers.