Does ArcGIS Pro require Java data installation on the machines it is installed on?

No, ArcGIS Pro does not require Java data installation on the machines it is installed on. The ArcGIS Pro installation comes with a folder at the C:\Program Files\ArcGIS\Pro\java file path, which contains Java components packaged to run ArcGIS Pro without needing to install Java on the machine. When ArcGIS Pro is downloaded on a machine, it automatically installs or removes Java components as necessary. The items packaged in the C:\Program Files\ArcGIS\Pro\java folder are listed in the Open Source Acknowledgements spreadsheet. For more information, refer to Esri Legal: Open Source Acknowledgements.

Additionally, ArcGIS Desktop add-ins can be created using Java, but ArcGIS Pro add-ins are written in the C# programming language using the .NET framework. Before installing ArcGIS Pro, install Microsoft .NET Desktop Runtime 6.0.5 or a later patch release. For more information, refer to ArcGIS Pro: ArcGIS Pro 3.1 system requirements.