When using a point object to set the Center property, the point object must have a spatial reference that is compatible with the MapView's spatial reference. See the spatialReference property of the MapView documentation for more information: https://developers.arcgis.com/javascript/latest/api-reference/esri-views-MapView.html#spatialReference
Changing the spatialReference property of the point object to WGS84 (4326) sets the center of the MapView correctly: https://codepen.io/laurenb14/pen/xxOgPLd?editors=1000