With the XLSForm attached to the defect, the issue is a form design error. The "position(..)" function has been implemented incorrectly. After modifying all calculations to use the correct "position(..)" syntax, the issue is no longer reproducible.
Refer to the following documentation for more information: https://doc.arcgis.com/en/survey123/desktop/create-surveys/xlsformformulas.htm#:~:text=regex(.%2C%20%27%5E%5Cd%7B5%7D%24%27)-,position(..),-Returns%20the%20index