In the ArcGIS Survey123 web designer (all versions of ArcGIS Enterprise), by default, the fieldworker view does not allow submissions of photo attachments for any member with less than the Administrator role.
This issue is no longer reproducible on the latest ArcGIS Survey123 website, web app (version 3.23), or field app (version 3.23): Publishing a survey with the text and image questions on the website to ArcGIS Enterprise, then submitting from the web app version 3.23 or field app can both submit the text and image as expected.
解决办法
In the ArcGIS Survey123 web designer, on the Collaborate tab, update the What can submitters do? setting to Add and Update records (read access enabled).