Feature class domains are not visually reflected in the exported layer or the target file geodatabase after the first export when using the Export Features tool and Feature Class To Feature Class tool.
This issue is not reproducible with the latest version of ArcGIS Pro. The Refresh functionality is added in ArcGIS Pro 3.2. Refer to https://pro.arcgis.com/en/pro-app/latest/help/data/geodatabases/overview/create-modify-and-delete-domains.htm.
解决办法
Reboot ArcGIS Pro.
Remove all the layers of the target file geodatabase from the Contents pane.