ArcGIS Pro 2.0 and ArcGIS Desktop 10.5.1 require explicit object level select privileges for users to view the SQL Server geodatabase data in the Catalog tree.
1. Using respective data owners in ArcCatalog, grant the dataset level privileges to users and refresh the connections.2. Grant the object level select privileges in the databasemanagement system (DBMS) as opposed to the general database level grants.