Symbology of a layer does not match along ArcGIS Pro/ArcMap interface

Description

The symbology applied to a layer does not appear the same between different windows such as (ArcMap) the Table of Contents, the layer's Properties > Symbology tab, the Create Features window, or (ArcGIS Pro) the Contents and Symbology panes.

As an example, the picture below shows how the features appear with custom-colored symbology in the Table of Contents while this is missing in the Create Features window:

Cause

The layer is corrupted.

Solution or Workaround

Duplicate the layer within the workspace using either Export Features or Feature Class to Feature Class tools and re-create the symbology. Do not import the symbology to the layer because it might also present conflicts.