Can geocoding return lines or polygons in ArcGIS Pro?

No, it is not possible to obtain geocoding output other than point features. In ArcGIS Pro, geocoding outputs are always point features, even when a locator role uses lines or polygons as reference data. The map below shows the geocoding output from a locator role that uses a line feature class as the primary reference data. The output is displayed as red point features.

As a workaround, to retain the original geometry after geocoding, use a unique identifier as the common field to join the geocoded output back to the reference layer.

1. Open the project containing the primary reference data in ArcGIS Pro.
2. In the Contents pane, right-click the reference layer and select Attribute Table. In this example, the reference layer is named 'streets'.
3. Add a unique identifier field as a new field to the table. In this example, Field Name is specified as UNIQUEID, and Data Type is specified as Long.

5. On the Fields tab, in the Manage Edits group, click Save.
6. Click Close to close the Fields view.
7. In the reference layer’s table, populate the unique identifier field with unique values. In this example, a six-digit unique number is specified for each feature.

8. On the Edit tab, in the Manage Edits group, click Save.
9. Click Close to close the attribute table.
10. Create a locator using the Street Address role. Refer to ArcGIS Pro: Create a Street Address locator for instructions.
11. Add the unique identifier fields from the reference data as custom output fields to ensure unique identifiers are returned with all geocoding results. Refer to ArcGIS Pro: Add a custom output field to your locator for instructions. In this example, UNIQUEID is specified in Custom Output Fields and in the Field Mapping parameter for both UNIQUEID_left and UNIQUEID_right.

12. Click Run.
13. Click the Analysis tab. In the Geoprocessing group, click Tools.
14. In the Geoprocessing pane, search for and click Geocode Addresses (Geocoding Tools). Run the tool using an input table containing address information from the reference data and the newly created locator.

15. Click the Analysis tab. In the Geoprocessing group, click Tools.
16. In the Geoprocessing pane, search for and click Join Field (Data Management Tools). Run the tool to join the geocoded output table to the reference layer using the unique identifier field.

The attribute table of the reference layer shows a successful join with the geocoded output table, and the map displays the original line geometry.