Can an attribute table be added to a layout in ArcGIS Pro?

As of ArcGIS Pro version 2.0.x, displaying tables in layouts is not supported. As a result, any project files with layouts created in ArcMap do not contain the tables when imported into ArcGIS Pro. For more information, refer to the following ArcGIS Pro documentation, ArcGIS Pro: 20040: Inserting tables on a layout is not yet supported.
However, the ability to add dynamic and interactive attribute tables to layouts is expected to be available in ArcGIS Pro 2.1.

As an alternative, the table can be converted to an image and added to a layout. For more information, refer to ArcGIS Pro: Add graphics, text, and pictures in a layout.