Could not create geodatabase tables and stored procedures. Failed to execute (EnableEnterpriseGeodatabase)

Error Message

When ArcGIS for Desktop 10.4.1 is connected to SQL Server 2016, running the Enable Enterprise Geodatabase tool on a newly created database containing feature classes and tables copied from an existing enterprise geodatabase fails, with the following error:

Error:   
Could not create geodatabase tables and stored procedures.

Note:
The Enable Enterprise Geodatabase tool is only available for Standard or Advanced license levels of ArcGIS Desktop. Refer to the licensing information of this tool for more information.

Cause

This error occurs because multiple Microsoft ODBC drivers are installed on the machine, which is sometimes done for troubleshooting or testing purposes. This causes conflicts when upgrading the geodatabase.

Note:
For more information on Microsoft SQL Server database versions with drivers supported in ArcGIS Desktop 10.4.x, refer to Supported database versions.

Solution or Workaround

To run the Enable Enterprise Geodatabase tool successfully, identify the SQL Server versions used on the machine, and uninstall the unnecessary ODBC drivers.

Note:
Ensure SQL Server Management Studio and all ArcGIS applications are closed before identifying the SQL Server version.

1. Identify the SQL Server version used on the machine. Refer to Microsoft Support: How to determine which version and edition of SQL Server Database Engine is running for guidance.
2. Navigate to Start > Control Panel > Programs > Programs and Features, and uninstall the non-essential server drivers.