A map document fails to open if a referenced feature layer is removed from a service.

Workaround

Workaround 1:

Stop the referenced feature service from the server manager and reattempt to open the .mxd file. This causes data sources to be broken.

Workaround 2:

1. Open a blank map document.
2. Disable the internet network connections of the machine.
3. Load the problematic .mxd file to the blank .mxd file.

Workaround 3:

1. Hide the offending service by directing the machine to look at itself instead of the server. 
2. Edit the hosts file (C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc\hosts) in Notepad.
3. Add a line to the bottom for the entry below: 127.0.0.1   <server domain> e.g. services3.arcgis.com, eric.esri.com, etc.
4. For example:
5. Save the hosts file. 
6. Open the MXD and remove or replace the layer (any data from the blocked server is not accessible). 
7. Save and close the MXD.
8. Navigate to the hosts file and comment out the added line so that the server is displayed again, and save it.

This causes data sources to be broken.

Steps to Reproduce