Problem: Shapefiles defined as GCS_Assumed_Geographic_1 display as Unknown and the definitions are gone

Article ID:	31453
Bug Id:	N/A
Software:	ArcGIS - ArcEditor 9.2, 9.3, 9.3.1 ArcGIS - ArcInfo 9.2, 9.3, 9.3.1 ArcGIS - ArcView 9.2, 9.3, 9.3.1
Platforms:	Windows 2000, XP, 2003Server

Description

Shapefiles defined as GCS_Assumed_Geographic_1 display as Unknown coordinate system and do not project on the fly.

Cause

GCS_Assumed_Geographic_1 is a default geographic coordinate system (GCS) assigned to certain data sources which was used for data in ArcGIS versions 8.x, 9.0 and 9.1.

It was used only for shapefiles that had coordinates in decimal degrees (DD): the data extents were between -180 and +180 for X coordinates, and -90 and +90 for Y coordinates. These data sources will now use Unknown for the coordinate system. ArcMap will not be able to project them on the fly to match other layers in the map. Data that used to align correctly in ArcGIS version 9.1 or earlier will no longer line up in version 9.2.

This default coordinate system definition was removed from ArcGIS version 9.2 for the following reasons:

1) The default coordinate system identified the datum as D_North_American_1927. In most cases, this datum was not correct for the data, and can result in alignment errors of the data when displayed in the ArcMap data frame.

2) The datum D_North_American_1927 is defined only for the North American continent, and cannot be used for areas outside North America.

3) GCS_Assumed_Geographic_1 is not a valid coordinate system. ArcMap does not have any geographic (datum) transformations that convert from this coordinate system to any valid GCS.

4) Data having this default coordinate system cannot be projected to a different coordinate system in ArcToolbox.

5) When ArcGIS 8.0 was first released, many shapefiles did not have coordinate system information. GCS_Assumed_Geographic_1 was added to ArcGIS to allow shapefiles that did not have a defined coordinate system to be projected on the fly in ArcMap.

Solution or Workaround

Determine the correct geographic coordinate system for the data to assign a valid coordinate system definition using the Define Projection tool.

The Define Projection tool is located in ArcToolBox > Data Management Tools > Projections and Transformations.

The Define Projection tool can be used to define coordinate systems for both vector and raster datasets.

The most reliable method to find out the coordinate system for the data is to contact the data provider for this information.

If the data provider is unable to provide this information, go to Step 2.
Data obtained from a Global Positioning System (GPS) is most frequently collected on the WGS 1984, and will be defined as GCS_WGS_1984 in ArcGIS Desktop. Find this definition in the Geographic Coordinate Systems > World folder.

Data with coordinates in decimal degrees within the United States is most frequently on the North American Datum 1983 (NAD 1983), although it may be on the North American Datum 1927 (NAD 1927).

Because the coordinates for data within the U.S. on the NAD 1927 datum will be south-southwest of coordinates for the same point on the NAD 1983 datum by approximately 200 to 450 feet, test the geographic coordinate system to determine which is correct for the data. -show me-

1. Define the coordinate system for the data as 'North American Datum 1983.prj', located in Geographic Coordinate Systems > North America.

2. Add the data to a new, empty ArcMap session with data which has a correctly defined coordinate system. If the layers line up, the data is on NAD 1983.

3. If the data does not line up with the known data, redefine the coordinate system as 'North American Datum 1927.prj' and then set the geographic (datum) transformation for the ArcMap Data Frame.

To set the Geographic (datum) Transformation in ArcMap:
A. Navigate to View > Data Frame Properties > Coordinate System tab > and click the Transformations button.

B. Select the correct GCS in the 'Convert from' box, and then select the appropriate geographic transformation in the Using dropdown list.

C. The Into box is the Geographic Coordinate System to which the ArcMap Data Frame is set. Do not change this entry during this process.

For a list of supported Geographic (datum) Transformations and their areas of use, refer to the link under Related Information for more information.

If the data still does not align correctly, contact ESRI Technical Support at http://support.esri.com or call (888) 377-4575 and create a new support incident if you are a maintenance user or paid support subscribers within the United States. If you are an international customer, please contact your local ESRI distributor.

Related Information

Projection Basics: What the GIS professional needs to know
The following concepts are fundamental to understanding the use of map projections in ArcGIS. 1. Coordinate systems, also known as map projections, are arbitrary designations for spatial data. Their purpose is to provide a common basis for comm...
What geographic coordinate system or datum should be used for my data?
To determine which Geographic Coordinate System datum to use for data, select the appropriate Geographic Coordinate Sytems by Area of Use link in the Related Information section below. This document lists Geographic Coordinate Systems (GCS) su...

Created: 7/26/2006
Last Modified: 12/4/2009

This website's graphical display is now viewable only with W3C standards-compliant browsers, but the content is accessible to all browsers and Internet devices. View our supported browser matrix for more information on our website display.